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Abstract Background

There is a worldwide shortage of health workers against WHO recommended staffing levels to achieve Universal Health Coverage. To improve the performance of the existing health workforce a set of integrated human resources (HR) strategies are needed to address the root causes of these shortages. The PERFORM2Scale project uses an action research approach to support district level management teams to develop appropriate workplans to address service delivery and workforce-related problems using a set of integrated human resources strategies. This paper provides evidence of the feasibility of supporting managers at district level to design appropriate integrated workplans to address these problems.

Methods

The study used content analysis of documents including problem trees and 43 workplans developed by 28 district health management teams (DHMT) across three countries between 2018 and 2021 to identify how appropriate basic planning principles and the use of integrated human resource and health systems strategies were used in the design of the workplans developed. Four categories of HR strategies were used for the analysis (availability, direction, competencies, rewards and sanctions) and the relationship between HR and wider health systems strategies was also examined.

Results

About half (49%) of the DHMTs selected service-delivery problems while others selected workforce performance (46%) or general management (5%) problems, yet all workplans addressed health workforce-related causes through integrated workplans. Most DHMTs used a combination of strategies for improving direction and competencies. The use of strategies to improve availability and the use of rewards and sanctions was more common amongst DHMTs in Ghana; this may be related to availability of decision-space in these areas. Other planning considerations such as link between problem and strategy, inclusion of gender and use of indicators were evident in the design of the workplans.

Conclusions

The study has demonstrated that, with appropriate support using an action research approach, DHMTs are able to design workplans which include integrated HR strategies. This process will help districts to address workforce and other service delivery problems as well as improving ‘health workforce literacy' of DHMT members which will benefit the country more broadly if and when any of the team members is promoted.

Abstract Background

Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) play vital roles in the delivery of family planning services in Nigeria and other developing countries. There is a growing recognition of the need to integrate them into the formal health care system as a strategy to increase the contraceptive prevalence rate and achieve universal health coverage. Though promising, the success of this proposition is largely dependent on a critical analysis of the factors which influence their operations. This study was designed to identify the contextual factors influencing the provision of injectable contraceptive services by PMVs and the broader effects of their activities on the health system to inform similar interventions in Nigeria.

Methods

This was a qualitative study guided by the UK Medical Research Council’s Framework for Complex Interventions. Twenty-seven in-depth interviews were conducted among officials of the association of PMVs, health workers, government regulatory officers and programme implementers who participated in a phased 3-year (2015–2018) intervention designed to enhance the capacity of PMVs to deliver injectable contraceptive services. The data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using NVIVO software.

Results

The contextual factors which had implications on the roles of PMVs were socio-cultural and religious, the failing Nigerian health system coupled with government regulatory policies. Other factors were interprofessional tensions and rivalry between the PMVs and some categories of health care workers and increasing donors’ interest in exploring the potentials of PMVs for expanded healthcare service provision. According to the respondents, the PMVs bridged the Nigerian health system service delivery gaps serving as the first point of contact for injectable contraceptive services and this increased contraceptive uptake in the study sites. A negative effect of their operation is the tendency to exceed their service provision limits, which has spurred a planned tiered PMV accreditation system.

Conclusions

This study has highlighted the contextual factors which define the roles and scope of practice of PMVs involved in injectable contraceptive service provision. Strategies and interventions aimed at expanding the healthcare delivery roles of PMVs must be encompassing to address the broader contextual factors which underpin their capacities and functions.

Resumo: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico para construção e validação de um cenário simulado com abordagem interprofissional, que permitirá a utilização no ensino e na educação permanente de profissionais da saúde por meio da metodologia ativa de simulação clínica. Este estudo foi realizado em uma universidade pública da região Sul do Brasil, objetivando construir e validar um cenário simulado para a pronação de pacientes críticos com Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA). Para isto, o estudo ocorreu em duas etapas: revisão de conteúdo, construção do cenário e de validação de conteúdo e de aparência por juízes. A revisão da literatura permitiu conhecer melhor sobre o manejo do paciente com SDRA, bem como subsidiar o desenvolvimento do caso clínico para o cenário. Um protocolo de pronação segura de um hospital universitário foi adotado. A partir desta revisão, a construção do cenário foi realizada considerando um roteiro validado. Como parte desta construção, surgiram como resultados: a descrição do cenário; a relação de materiais e equipamentos necessários para o desenvolvimento do cenário; o roteiro para o ator simulado; o guia de apoio ao facilitador; o guia de apoio ao participante; o quadro de apoio para tomada de decisão e o checklist de observação do desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades para cada profissão envolvida no cenário. Onze juízes participaram do estudo. Em relação ao perfil sociodemográfico dos juízes, a amostra foi predominantemente de enfermeiros (63,6%), seguido por fisioterapeutas (18,1%), médico (9%) e docente de enfermagem (9%). Para medir o percentual de concordância entre os juízes, adotou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) para os itens, que foram agrupados de acordo com unidades de significância. Após a leitura do cenário, os juízes responderam a um questionário do tipo Likert com 37 itens, que abordaram sobre a "Experiência Prévia do Participante/Briefing", "Conteúdo/Objetivos"; "Recursos Humanos"; "Preparo do Cenário", "Desenvolvimento do Cenário" e "Avaliação". Todos os itens obtiveram IVC superior ao desejável (0,80) e, portanto, foram considerados válidos. Além disso, os juízes realizaram sugestões de melhorias no cenário, aos quais foram acatadas ou rejeitas e discutidas com a literatura disponível. Este estudo permitiu criar e validar um cenário que reflete a prática real, ao mesmo tempo que oportuniza um ambiente seguro para os participantes e responde aos objetivos da aprendizagem. Abstract: This is a methodological study for the construction and validation of a simulated scenario with an interprofessional approach, which will allow the use in the teaching and continuing education of health professionals through the active methodology of clinical simulation. This study was carried out in a public university in the South region of Brazil, aiming to build and validate a simulated scenario for the pronation of critically ill patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). To this end, the study occurred in two stages: content review, scenario construction, and content and appearance validation by judges. The literature review provided a better understanding of the management of the ARDS patient, as well as a basis for developing the clinical case for the scenario. A safe pronation protocol from a university hospital was adopted. Based on this review, the scenario was built using a validated script. As part of this process, the following results emerged: the description of the scenario; the list of materials and equipment needed for the development of the scenario; the script for the simulated actor; the facilitator support guide; the participant support guide; the decision support framework; and the checklist for observing the development of competencies and skills for each profession involved in the scenario. Eleven judges participated in the study. Regarding the sociodemographic profile of the judges, the sample was predominantly nurses (63.6%), followed by physical therapists (18.1%), physicians (9%), and nursing professors (9%). To measure the percentage of agreement between the judges, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was adopted for the items, which were grouped according to significance units. After reading the scenario, the judges answered a Likert-type questionnaire with 37 items, which addressed "Prior Participant Experience/Briefing", "Content/Objectives"; "Human Resources"; "Scenario Preparation", "Scenario Development", and "Evaluation". All items scored higher than desirable CVI (0.80) and were therefore considered valid. In addition, the judges made suggestions for improvements in the scenario, which were accepted or rejected and discussed with the available literature. This study made it possible to create and validate a scenario that reflects actual practice, while providing a safe environment for participants and meeting the learning objectives.

Resumo A Educação Interprofissional em Saúde (EIP) constitui-se como uma estratégia para formação de profissionais capazes de trabalhar em equipe por meio de competências colaborativas e da aprendizagem baseada em interações. O Projeto Pedagógico da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) baseia-se nos princípios da EIP para a formação de profissionais, dentre eles, terapeutas ocupacionais. Objetivou-se compreender a influência da formação interprofissional na trajetória profissional de terapeutas ocupacionais egressas da Unifesp. Pela abordagem qualitativa, produziram-se informações por aplicação de formulário on-line semiestruturado, analisado posteriormente com base na Análise Temática. Os resultados revelaram que a formação interprofissional possibilita segurança às profissionais nas práticas colaborativas, no fomento ao trabalho em equipe e no desenvolvimento de ações que visam à integralidade do cuidado. Notou-se, porém, dificuldades no reconhecimento da identidade profissional da Terapia Ocupacional e na ação conjunta com profissionais formados em perspectiva disciplinar. Abstract Interprofessional education in healthcare (IEH) is a strategy to prepare professionals who are capable of working in a team by developing interactive-based collaboration and learning competencies. The Federal University of Sao Paulo's (UNIFESP) education plan is based on the principles of IEH for professional training. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of interprofessional education on the career trajectory of occupational therapy students graduating from UNIFESP. Adopting a qualitative approach, data was collected using an online semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that interprofessional education helped professionals feel secure when engaging in collaborative practice and fostered teamwork and the development of actions aimed at promoting comprehensive care. However, the findings also highlight challenges related to the recognition of the professional identity of occupational therapists and in working together with professionals trained from a uniquely disciplinary perspective. Resumen La Educación Interprofesional en Salud (EIP) se constituye como una estrategia para la formación de profesionales capaces de trabajar en equipo, por medio de competencias colaborativas y del aprendizaje basado en interacciones. El Proyecto Pedagógico de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), se basa en los principios de la EIP para la formación de profesionales, entre ellos, terapeutas ocupacionales. El objetivo fue entender la influencia de la formación interprofesional en la trayectoria profesional de terapeutas ocupacionales egresadas de Unifesp. A partir del abordaje cualitativo, se produjeron informaciones por medio de la utilización de un formulario online semiestructurado, analizado posteriormente con base en el Análisis Temático. Los resultados señalaron que la formación interprofesional posibilita seguridad a las profesionales en las prácticas colaborativas, fomento al trabajo en equipo y desarrollo de acciones cuyo objetivo es la integralidad del cuidado. No obstante, se observaron dificultades en el reconocimiento de la identidad profesional de la Terapia Ocupacional y en la acción conjunta con profesionales formados en perspectiva disciplinaria.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os métodos de pesquisa e instrumentos utilizados na avaliação de estratégias de educação interprofissional para a tomada de decisão compartilhada em farmacoterapia. Os tipos de avaliação empregados foram categorizados segundo o modelo adaptado de Kirkpatrick. Foi conduzida uma revisão de escopo, seguindo as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (Prisma-ScR). Entre os 21 estudos selecionados, houve predomínio dos métodos quantitativos na avaliação das experiências educacionais (n=18). Destes, o aspecto mais comum avaliado foi "atitudes e percepções dos estudantes em relação à educação e à prática interprofissional", por meio de instrumentos validados (n=13). Foram identificados dez diferentes instrumentos, que se mostraram em conformidade com as competências colaborativas do Interprofessional Education Collaborative. A variedade de instrumentos sinaliza a crescente produção de conhecimento acerca do assunto, mas aponta o desafio de realizar análises comparativas entre experiências educacionais ao redor do mundo. Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es describir los métodos de investigación e instrumentos utilizados en la evaluación de estrategias de educación interprofesional para la toma de decisiones compartida en farmacoterapia. Los tipos de evaluación empleados se caracterizaron según el modelo adaptado de Kirkpatrick. Se realizó una revisión de alcance, siguiendo las recomendaciones del PRISMA-ScR. Entre los 21 estudios seleccionados, predominaron los métodos cuantitativos en la evaluación de las experiencias educativas (n=18). De ellos, el aspecto más común evaluado fue el de "actitudes y percepciones de los alumnos con relación a la educación y a la práctica interprofesional", por medio de instrumentos validados (n=13). Se identificaron diez diferentes instrumentos, que se mostraron en conformidad con las competencias colaborativas del Interprofessional Education Collaborative . La variedad de instrumentos señala la creciente producción de conocimiento sobre el asunto, pero muestra el desafío de realizar análisis comparativos entre experiencias educativas alrededor del mundo. Abstract This study aimed to describe the research methods and instruments used in the evaluation of interprofessional education strategies for shared decision making in drug therapy. The types of evaluation employed were categorized according to Kirkpatrick's adapted model. A scoping review was conducted, following the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. Among the 21 selected studies, there was a predominance of quantitative methods in the evaluation of educational experiences (n=18). Of these, the most common aspect evaluated was "students' attitudes and perceptions towards interprofessional education and practice" by means of validated instruments (n=13). Ten different instruments were identified and found to be in line with the Interprofessional Education Collaborative competencies. The variety of instruments signals the growing production of knowledge about this topic, but points to the challenge of conducting comparative analyses between educational experiences around the world.

The World Health Organization's Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 identified a projected shortfall of 18 million health workers by 2030, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. The need for investment was re-enforced by the 2016 report and recommendations of the United Nations High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. This exploratory policy tracing study has as objective to map and analyse investments by bilateral, multilateral and other development actors in human resources for health actions, programmes and health jobs more broadly since 2016. This analysis will contribute to the accountability of global human resources for health actions and its commitment by the international community. It provides insights in gaps, priorities and future policies' needs. The study follows an exploratory rapid review methodology, mapping and analysing the actions of four categories of development actors in implementing the ten recommendations of the United Nations High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. These four categories of actors include (A) bilateral agencies, (B) multilateral initiatives, (C) international financial institutions and (D) non-state actors. Analysing the data generated via this review, three trends can be observed. Firstly, while a broad range of human resources for health actions and outputs have been identified, data on programme outcomes and especially on their impacts are limited. Secondly, many of the programmatic human resources for health actions, often funded via bilateral or philanthropic grants and implemented by non-governmental organisations, seemed to be rather short-term in nature, focusing on in-service training, health security, technical and service delivery needs. Despite the strategic guidance and norms developed by multilateral initiatives, such as the International Labour Organization-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-World Health Organization Working for Health programme, has it been for several development projects difficult to assess how their activities actually contributed to national human resources for health strategic development and health system reforms. Lastly, governance, monitoring and accountability between development actors and across the policy recommendations from the United Nations High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth could be improved. There has been limited actionable progress made for the enablers required to transform the workforce, including in the domain of generating fiscal space for health that would strengthen jobs in the health sector, the development of health workforce partnerships and its global agenda, and the governance of international health workforce migration. In conclusion, one can observe that global health workforce needs are much recognised, especially given the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, 20 years after the Joint Learning Initiative on Human Resources for Health, there is still an urgent need to take shared responsibility for international cooperative action for overcoming and addressing persistent underinvestment in the health workforce. Specific policy recommendations are provided to this end.

BACKGROUND: The transition of donor-supported health programmes to country ownership is gaining increasing attention due to reduced development assistance for health globally. It is further accelerated by the ineligibility of previously Low-Income Countries' elevation into Middle-income status. Despite the increased attention, little is known about the long-term impact of this transition on the continuity of maternal and child health service provision. Hence, we conducted this study to explore the impact of donor transition on the continuity of maternal and newborn health service provision at the sub-national level in Uganda between 2012 and 2021. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative case study of the Rwenzori sub-region in mid-western Uganda which benefited from a USAID project to reduce maternal and newborn deaths between 2012 and 2016. We purposively sampled three districts. Data were collected between January and May 2022 among subnational key informants (n = 26), national level key informants at the Ministry of Health [3], national level donor representatives [3] and subnational level donor representatives [4] giving a total of 36 respondents. Thematic analysis was deductively conducted with findings structured along the WHO's health systems building blocks (Governance, Human resources for health, Health financing, Health information systems, medical products, Vaccines and Technologies and service delivery) framework. RESULTS: Overall, continuity of maternal and newborn health service provision was to a greater extent maintained post-donor support. The process was characterised by a phased implementation approach. The embedded learning offered the opportunity to plough back lessons into intervention modification which reflected contextual adaptation. The availability of successor grants from other donors (such as Belgian ENABEL), counterpart funding from the government to bridge the gaps left behind, absorption of USAID-project salaried workforce (such as midwives) onto the public sector payroll, harmonisation of salary structures, the continued use of infrastructure (such as newborn intensive care units), and support for MCH services under PEPFAR support post-transition contributed to the maintenance of coverage. The demand creation for MCH services pre-transition ensured patient demand post-transition. Challenges to the maintenance of coverage were drug stockouts and sustainability of the private sector component among others. CONCLUSION: A general perception of the continuity of maternal and newborn health service provision post-donor transition was observed with internal (government counterpart funding) and external enablers (successor donor funding) contributing to this performance. Opportunities for the continuity of maternal and newborn service delivery performance post-transition exist when harnessed well within the prevailing context. The ability to learn and adapt, the presence of government counterpart funding and commitment to carry on with implementation were major ingredients signalling a crucial role of government in the continuity of service provision post-transition.

In July 2022, a large multi-state health care organization received Joint Accreditation, making the organization one of the elite 150 organizations internationally. Joint Accreditation offers continuing education using one succinct accreditation process. Interprofessional continuing education versus a siloed continuing education approach is essential in providing high-quality patient care and improving organizational outcomes. Completing a comprehensive needs assessment led to discovering potential educational opportunities and awareness that precepting interprofessional teams was an opportunity for interprofessional continuing education. This column will discuss how nursing professional development practitioners in the health care system with Joint Accreditation can address the need for interprofessional preceptor development. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(7):293-296.].

ABSTRACT: Innovative teaching strategies incorporated into curricula can prepare students for interprofessional practice and have a positive impact on patient outcomes and team dynamics in health care. Our team of faculty from nursing, social work, and pharmacy developed and implemented an activity using simulation in the large classroom to improve students' perceptions of working in interprofessional teams. Effectiveness was assessed using the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey with a pretest-posttest design. Our experience indicated that this teaching approach can be an effective strategy for maximizing resources and providing meaningful interprofessional student experiences.

RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar os registros referentes à consulta de planejamento reprodutivo e a inserção do dispositivo intrauterino realizadas por enfermeiros e médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Brasil, no ano de 2021. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, utilizando-se de dados secundários do Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica e submetido à análise estatística descritiva simples dos dados. Resultados: foram registrados no país 18.243 procedimentos sobre a inserção do DIU com prevalência da atuação do profissional médico, exceto no estado de Roraima; e o quantitativo de 54.186 consultas de planejamento reprodutivo com hegemonia de 41.184 (76%) do profissional enfermeiro em relação aos médicos 13.002 (24%). Conclusão: há necessidade de investimento na capacitação de médicos e enfermeiros para ampliar o acesso e direito à atenção à vida sexual das mulheres no país. A atuação da Enfermagem se constitui em uma via para consolidar o direito à atenção à vida sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres. ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the records referring to reproductive planning consultations and to intrauterine device insertion performed in 2021 by nurses and physicians in Primary Health Care in Brazil. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study that resorted to secondary data from the Health Information System for Primary Care and submitted to simple descriptive statistics data analysis. Results: a total of 18,243 procedures about IUD insertion were recorded in the country, with prevalence of physicians, except for the state of Roraima; as well as 54,186 reproductive planning consultations with predominance of 41,184 (76%) nurses in relation to physicians (13,002; 24%). Conclusion: there is a need to invest in the training of physicians and nurses in order to expand access and the right to sexual life care of the women living in the country. Nursing care is a way to consolidate women's right to sexual and reproductive life care. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los registros sobre la consulta de planificación reproductiva y la inserción del dispositivo intrauterino realizadas por enfermeros y médicos en la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil, en el año 2021. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo, utilizando datos secundarios del Sistema de Información en Salud para la Atención Primaria y sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo simple de los datos. Resultados: se registraron 18.243 procedimientos de inserción de DIU en el país, en los que predominaron los profesionales médicos, excepto en el estado de Roraima; mientras que, de las 54.186 consultas de planificación reproductiva registradas, 41.184 (76%) fueron realizadas por los profesionales de enfermería y 13.002 (24%) por médicos. Conclusión: es necesario invertir en la formación de médicos y enfermeros para ampliar el acceso y el derecho al cuidado de la vida sexual de las mujeres en el país. El trabajo de Enfermería constituye una forma de consolidar el derecho al cuidado de la vida sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres.

Resumo Objetivo conhecer os desafios da educação interprofissional nas práticas de integração ensino- serviço-comunidade na perspectiva de docentes da área da saúde. Método estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro e dezembro de 2021, em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os participantes da pesquisa foram onze docentes coordenadores de estágios no âmbito da saúde coletiva. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise Textual Discursiva. Resultados os dados apontaram como principais desafios os escassos momentos de integração, o espaço físico restrito nos serviços, a resistência de alguns profissionais em trabalhar em equipe e os horários das práticas acadêmicas. Por outro lado, os programas indutores da formação para o Sistema Único de Saúde e a existência de um grupo colegiado de Saúde Coletiva, se mostraram como estratégias de fomento à educação interprofissional. Conclusão conclui-se que a educação interprofissional ainda enfrenta entraves para o seu fortalecimento, contudo, já existem iniciativas que demonstram potencial para a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade. Implicações para a prática o estudo pode contribuir para a identificação dos desafios da educação interprofissional e, assim viabilizar estratégias no contexto da formação e do trabalho em saúde, na perspectiva interprofissional. Resumen Objetivo conocer los desafíos de la formación interprofesional en las prácticas de integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad desde la perspectiva de los profesores del área de la salud. Método estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre septiembre y diciembre de 2021, en una Institución de Educación Superior en la región central de Rio Grande do Sul. Los participantes de la investigación fueron once profesores que coordinan pasantías en el ámbito de la salud pública. Los datos fueron sometidos a Análisis Textual Discursivo. Resultados los datos indicaron que los principales desafíos fueron los escasos momentos de integración, el restringido espacio físico en los servicios, la resistencia de algunos profesionales a trabajar en equipo y los horarios de las prácticas académicas. Por otro lado, los programas que inducen la formación para el Sistema Único de Salud y la existencia de un grupo colegiado de Salud Colectiva demostraron ser estrategias para promover la educación interprofesional. Conclusión se concluye que aún hay obstáculos que impiden el fortalecimiento de la educación interprofesional, aunque ya existen iniciativas que demuestran potencial para la integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad. Implicaciones para la práctica el estudio puede contribuir a identificar los desafíos de la educación interprofesional y, de esta manera, viabilizar estrategias en el contexto de la formación y el trabajo en salud, desde una perspectiva interprofesional. Abstract Objective to know the challenges inherent to interprofessional education in teaching-service-community integration practices from the perspective of professors in the health area. Method a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data collection took place between September and December 2021, in a Higher Education Institution from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. The research participants were eleven professors who coordinate internships in the Collective Health scope. The data were submitted to Discursive Textual Analysis. Results as main challenges, the data pointed out the scarce integration moments, the restricted physical space in the services, some professionals' resistance to work in teams and the schedules of the academic practices. On the other hand, the programs that induce training for the Unified Health System and the existence of a Collective Health collegiate group proved to be strategies to promote interprofessional education. Conclusion it is concluded that interprofessional education still faces obstacles to its strengthening; however, there are already initiatives that demonstrate potential for teaching-service-community integration. Implications for the practice the study can contribute to identifying the challenges inherent to interprofessional education and, thus, enabling strategies in the context of training and work in health, from an interprofessional perspective.

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the interdisciplinary training of health team professionals to work with the family in Primary Healthcare, considering the complexity of the family phenomenon in their health and illness experiences. Method: A reflection article in which the need to incorporate new concepts for training professionals to work with the family in Primary Healthcare is discussed. Results: The theoretical articulation between the Patient- and Family-Centered Care Model, Interprofessional Education and Primary Healthcare is fundamental to guide interdisciplinary training in health, aiming at including the family as the protagonist of the care of its members and active in the teaching and learning process of the healthcare professionals. Conclusion: It becomes necessary to promote changes in the training model of health professionals to incorporate collaborative practice with the family. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la formación interdisciplinar de los profesionales del equipo de salud para el trabajo con la familia en la Atención Primaria de Salud, considerando la complejidad del fenómeno familiar en sus vivencias de salud y enfermedad. Método: artículo de reflexión en el que se discute la necesidad de incorporar nuevos conceptos para la formación de profesionales para el trabajo con la familia en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Resultados: la articulación teórica entre el Modelo de Atención Centrado en el Paciente y la Familia, la Educación Interprofesional y la Atención Primaria de Salud es fundamental para orientar la formación interdisciplinaria en salud, visando incluir a la familia como protagonista del cuidado de sus miembros y activa en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de los profesionales. Conclusión: es necesario promover cambios en el modelo de formación de los profesionales de la salud para la incorporación de la práctica colaborativa con la familia. RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a formação interdisciplinar dos profissionais da equipe de saúde para atuar com a família na Atenção Primária à Saúde, considerando a complexidade do fenômeno família em suas experiências de saúde e doença. Método: artigo de reflexão em que se discute a necessidade de incorporar novas concepções para a formação dos profissionais para atuar com a família na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: a articulação teórica entre o Modelo do Cuidado Centrado no Paciente e na Família, a Educação Interprofissional e a Atenção Primária à Saúde é fundamental para nortear a formação interdisciplinar em saúde, visando a inclusão da família como protagonista do cuidado de seus membros e ativa no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos profissionais. Conclusão: torna-se necessário promover mudanças no modelo de formação dos profissionais de saúde para a incorporação da prática colaborativa junto à família.

Abstract Background

In conflict-affected settings, access to primary healthcare for displaced populations is constrained by multiple challenges. These include geographical, cultural, communication, logistical and financial barriers, as well as risks posed to health workers and the population by insecurity. Different models of care are used to provide primary healthcare to affected communities. However, there is a paucity of evidence on how these models are selected and implemented by organisations working in conflict and displacement-affected settings. Our aim was to explore the different primary healthcare delivery models used in conflict-affected settings to understand gaps in existing healthcare delivery models.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. We searched six databases for manuscripts published from January 1992 to December 2020. Publications were included if they reported primary healthcare models of care in conflict-affected settings of Africa. Data was analyzed descriptively and thematically using tables, charts and text.

Results

Forty-eight primary research articles were included for analysis from which thirty-three were rated as “high” quality. The results showed that the models of care in place in these conflict-affected settings include health facility-based, community-based, mobile clinics, outreach and home visits. Primary healthcare for internally displaced persons and refugees is provided by a wide range of actors including national and international organisations. A range of services is offered, most commonly nutrition, mental health and sexual/reproductive health. Some organisations offer vertical (stand-alone) services, while others use an integrated service delivery model. Multiple cadres of healthcare workers provide services, frequently lay healthcare workers such as Community Health Workers.

Conclusion

Understanding the different modalities of primary healthcare delivery in conflict-affected settings is important to identify existing practices and gaps in service delivery. Service delivery using community health workers in conflict-affected settings is a low-cost primary care delivery strategy that may help optimize contributions of existing personnel through task shifting.